Academy for Young Ladies

Notes

Abbreviations used in the endnotes

ADBAustralian Dictionary of Biography
AJCPAustralian Joint Copying Project
COColonial Office
HRAHistorical Records of Australia
NSWSANew South Wales State Archives
NRSNew South Wales Records Series

  1. https://modhistorymusings.com/2019/09/13/writing-the-biography-of-sarah-bell-for-the-st-johns-cemetery-project/ accessed 10 August 2021. The original site is no longer viewable, an archive link is available here.

  2. The places of their births come from the certificates of birth for Sarah and Thomas's grandchildren in the Queensland, Births, Deaths and Marriages and the Certificate of Death, Thomas Bell, No. 361, 5 September 1872. Place of birth for the Bells' son Marmaduke is listed in the following link which may not be accurate. http://collection.hht.net.au/firsthht/fullRecordPicture.jsp?recnoListAttr=recnoListRI&recno=53678 accessed 10 August 2021.

  3. A Salt, Those Outcast Women: The Female Factory 1821-1848, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1984; G Hendrikson, Conviction: The 1827 Fight for Rights at the Parramatta Female Factory, Rowan Tree Published Books, n.d.;  The Parramatta Heritage Centre, Women Transported: Life in Australia's Convict Female Factories, Parramatta, 2008;  L Heath (MA Thesis), The Female Factories of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land: an Examination of their role in Control, Punishment and Reformation of Prisoners between 1804 and 1854. Canberra, ANU.

  4. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, p. 534, and HRA, Ser. 1 Vol. 22, p. 743.

  5. J Phillips, Old Ipswich Days: Joshua Peter Bell and the Ipswich Connection, Ipswich, Joyce Phillips, 2008. Bell, Sir Joshua Peter (1827-1881), ADB http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bell-sir-joshua-peter-2969 accessed 10 August 2021.

  6. 'Proposed Society of Artist', The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 March, 1850, p.13, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12916701; 'The Fine Arts', The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 11 December, 1850, p. 4. col. 3-4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article687590; 'Death', The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 30 April, 1851, p. 3. col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article684234 accessed 10 August 2021. D Philips, William Augustus Miles (1796-1851): crime, policing and moral entrepreneurship in England and Australia, Melbourne, History Department, University of Melbourne (University of Melbourne history monographs: no. 30), 2001, pp. 182-88.

  7. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2574.1] 42/4529 Enclosed 42/837, William Augustus Miles to Colonial Secretary, 29 January 1842; [4/2610.1] 43/1488 Enclosed 43/1347, Memorandum from Governor Gipps, 20 February 1843.

  8. 'Domestic Intelligence Drayton', The Moreton Bay Courier, 1 October 1853, p. 2, col. 3-4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3711530  'Bell V Pearce', The Moreton Bay Courier, 20 May 1854, pp 2-3, col. 7.

  9. E Rushen & P McIntyre, Fair Game: Australia's first immigrant women, Sydney, Anchor Books, 2010, pp. 12-14. The five commissioners included Lord Howick, Under-Secretary for the Colonies. S McConville, Irish Political Prisoners, 1848-1922, London, Routledge, 2003, p. 89, note 174. Samuel Lapham from Athy, County Kildare. Police magistrate and Superintendent of Convicts, Maria Island & dismissed because too lenient.

  10. Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, 1831, London, Society for the Registry of Shipping. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MzkSAAAAYAAJ

  11. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6173, Enclosing 38/13188, Memo No.2 Memorial by Thomas Bell, n.d. but about December 1838. Chelsea pensioner, a retired soldier who had lived as a pensioner at the Royal Hospital, Chelsea or Royal Hospital Kilmainham, Dublin or on a military pension elsewhere. By 1820s there was a large increase in pensioners so this scheme was an attempt to reduce costs.

  12. Backhouse, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, London, Hamilton, Adams, and Co, 1843, pp. 1-2.

  13. A Bourke, 'Journal of a Voyage to Australia', SLN, pp. 35-36.

  14. A Bourke, 'Journal of a Voyage to Australia', pp.11 and 20.

  15. Bell Family Bible held by Anita O'Connor, Sligo, County Galway, Ireland.

  16. 'The Courier', The Hobart Town Courier, 5 May 1832, p. 2, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4199509   'Shipping Intelligence', The Sydney Gazette and NSW Advertiser, 12 May 1832, p. 2 col.1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2206538 accessed 10 August 2021. J Backhouse, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, p. 232.

  17. 'Accidents, Offences, &c', The Sydney Herald, 14 February 1833, p. 3, col. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28654190 accessed 10 August 2021.

  18. WA Miles, 'Sketches of Europe and Australia', ca. 1834-50'. PXA537, SLN. https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/burrell (arrival of Burrell) accessed 10 August 2021.

  19. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6173, Enclosing 38/13188, Memo No.2, Memorial by Thomas Bell, 28 May 1838. Governor's Correspondence, 1832 to 1844, File 114, AJCP Role 1046, (From Records of the Colonial Office, Index of Incoming Correspondence, (CO 714), NSW. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1208748209/view Viscount Howick was Henry George Grey, Under-Secretary for Colonies 1830-33. Shipping list for Thomas Bell on Cleopatra lists him as Esquire. 'The Public Money', The Australian 23 March 1832, p.2. col.3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42009608 accessed 10 August 2021.

  20. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 17, 8 May 1835, p.725. The building was demolished in early 1834 after Layton arrived and the women were housed in temporary buildings behind Government House. The other ship used in the trial was Princess Royal which went to Hobart Town.

  21. 'The Free Females by the Red Rover', The Sydney Monitor, 15 August 1832, p.2, col.1, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32141886 accessed 10 August 2021. E. Rushen and P McIntyre, Fair Game.

  22. 'Female Emigration', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 3 February 1835, p. 2. col. 5. Extract of a letter from an unnamed female emigrant. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2197232 accessed 10 August 2021.

  23. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2152] 32/7205, 32/5943, 32/7079, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary 18, 21, 25 and 26 Sept 1832. [4/2152] 32/7359 & 32/7503, Colonial Treasurer to Colonial Secretary, 2 and 9 October 1832. [4/2152] 32/5943, Report to Governor Bourke, 9 January 1833. E. Rushen and P McIntyre, Fair Game, pp. 72-76.

  24. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), 1832, Microfiche 2. NSWSA, NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 36/7407 Enclosed 36/7214], W. Lithgow to Colonial Secretary, 6 September 1836; 4/2247, [33/448], Petition from James Sparkes, August 1833. E. Rushen and P McIntyre, Fair Game, pp. 69-70.

  25. 'Domestic Intelligence', The Sydney Herald, 4 July 1833, p. 3. col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12847195 accessed 10 August 2021.

  26. NSWSA, Colonial Secretary, Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), Microfiche, 1833, 1834, 1835. Thomas Bell's role superintending the migrant women is not listed although 1835 Blue Book reveals he received 5s per diem as Superintendent of Emigrants. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 17, 13 February 1835, p. 661. E. Rushen and P McIntyre, The Merchant's Women, Anchor Books, 2008, p. 48.

  27. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2273.3] 35/2962, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 21 April 1835. The Sydney Gazette and NSW Advertiser, 14 March 1835, p.2. col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2197562 accessed 10 August 2021. Elizabeth Rushen, Single & Free: female migration to Australia, 1833-1837, Anchor Books Australia, Sydney, pp.104-105.

  28. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 22 December 1835, p. 2. col. 7. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2201822 accessed 10 August 2021. NSWSA, Colonial Secretary, Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), Microfiche, 1836.

  29. HRA, Ser. I, Vol. 10, 27 July 1822, p. 686. 'The Debtors', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 3 December 1835, p. 3, col. 4. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2201512 accessed 10 August 2021. J Bryson, 'Debtors' prison and the rules of the prison'. Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar Association, Summer 2019, Dec 2019, pp 58-61.

  30. 'Corpe v Bell and another', The Sydney Monitor, 29 June 1836, p.3. col. 1. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/NSWSupC/1836/47.html  accessed 9 March 2023.

  31. Email from Christine Fernon, Online Centre, National Centre of Biography, 24 February 2020. https://www.sydgram.nsw.edu.au/community/school-archives/ The register of Sydney College lists the Bell children's addresses as Carters' Barracks. accessed 10 August 2021.

  32. 'Piano Forte Instruction', The Sydney Herald, 9 September 1833, p. 2. col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12847682 'For Sale', The Sydney Herald, 18 December 1837, p. 1. col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12862950 accessed 10 August 2021.

  33. 'Principal Superintendent of Convicts' Office, Sydney, 19th August, 1834',_ New South Wales Government Gazette_, 20 August 1834, p. 600, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230687265 ' Police Office', The Sydney Monitor, 8 October 1834, p. 3. col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32147331 This report says Selina came on the Sovereign but she came on the Southworth. 'Police Incidents', The Australian, 7 October 1834, p.2. col.5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42009511 accessed 10 August 2021. convictrecords.com.au Recorded as Selina McGary and McGarry.

  34. 'Police Office', The Sydney Monitor, 28 November 1835, p. 2-3. col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32150217 convictrecords.com.au Ann Putter was sentenced to 14 years at Surry Quarter Sessions and transported on George Hibbert arriving on 1 December 1834. accessed 10 August 2021.

  35. D Oxley, Convict Maids: the Forced Migration of Women to Australia. Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, 1996. pp 43, 51, 55.

  36. Salt, A, These Outcast Women, p. 70. Governor Brisbane made additional changes to factory so each class had own kitchen, workshops and accommodation. The Second Female Factory: 1818-1848, Geoff Barker, Parramatta Heritage Centre, 2015 https://historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/blog/2015/07/28/the-second-parramatta-female-factory-1818-1848 accessed 10 August 2021.

  37. Salt, A, These Outcast Women, pp, 72-75.

  38. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 36/6164, 4 August 1836. Annotation on Ann Gordon by Governor Bourke on Minutes of Proceedings of Factory Committee.

  39. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, 10 September 1836, p. 533.

  40. H Golder, Politics, Patronage and Public Works: the Administration of New South Wales, Volume 1, 1842-1900. UNSW Press, 2005, p. 85.

  41. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, 10 September 1836, p. 533-34.

  42. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, 7 November 1837, pp.156-58. A Salt, Those Outcast Women, p. 60. CO, Series 201, NSW, Original Correspondence, 1783-1900. Miscellaneous Individuals, A-F, 1838, File 281, AJCP Reel No: 315-316, 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838: Correspondence between Secretary of State for Colonial Department and the Governors of the Australian Provinces on the Subject of Secondary Punishment', pp, 5-6.

  43. NSWSA: NRS 905, Microfiche, 4/3722, No 36, 176 p.332. Macleay to Committee, 11 Aug 1836.

  44. J Backhouse, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, p. 238.

  45. NSWSA: NRS 909, Governor's Minutes and Memoranda, 4/999, M3694, 21 August 1836. Email from Jenny Pearce, The Kings School, 21 February 2020. Joshua is listed as attending Kings from 1836-42.

  46. NSWSA: NRS 909, Governor's Minutes and Memoranda, 4/999, M3694, 21 August 1836. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, p. 534. New South Wales Government Gazette, 7 September 1836, p. 705. Number of women and children in the Female Factory. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230673064

  47. 'News of the Day,' The Sydney Monitor, 10 October 1836, p.2, col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32152424 accessed 10 August 2021.

  48. A Salt, These Outcast Women, pp.117-18.

  49. J Backhouse, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, p. 301.

  50. 'Various documents collected by Sir William Dixson, Item 3 Rules for the Government of the Female Factory, Matron', 28 February 1839.

  51. 'The Female Factory', The Australian, 6 September, 1836, p. 2. col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36853583 accessed 10 August 2021.

  52. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2359.1] 37/2667 and 37/2773. Wme Macpherson to Colonial Secretary, 15 March 1837 and Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 20 March 1837. 'Police', The Sydney Monitor, 23 January 1837, p. 2. col. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32154645 'Convict Records: Ellen Pollard', https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/pollard/ellen/103920 accessed 10 August 2021.

  53. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2359.1] 37/9598, Enclosing 37/9460, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 14 October 1836, Frederic Ebhart to Governor Bourke, 9 October 1837, Patrick McCallaghan to Governor Bourke, n.d.

  54. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2359.1] 37/4262 Enclosing 37/3753, Philip Dwyer to Colonial Secretary, 20 April 1837. Thomas Bell to the Colonial Secretary, 4 May 1837.

  55. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 36/9203 enclosing 36/8977, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 10 November 1836, Police Magistrate to Colonial Secretary, 2 November 1836. [4/2317.2] 36/10.163 enclosing 36/9709, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 5 December 1836, Police Magistrate to Colonial Secretary, 25 November 1836. Bridget Sheedey: https://www.freesettlerorfelon.com/convict_ship_hooghley_1831.htm. accessed 10 August 2021.

  56. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 36/8991 and 36/8705. Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 3 November 1836, enclosing Thomas Bell to Sol Levein, 27 October 1836, Sol Levein to Colonial Secretary 28 October 1836. 'Convict Records: Eliza Thompson', https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/thompson/eliza/110258 accessed 10 August 2021.

  57. T Smith, 'Cumberland Hospital - the early years', Parramatta Female Factory Friends Newsletter, Issue no 11, October - November 2016, p.4. A Salt, These Outcast Women, pp. 11-16, Appendix 2.

  58. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 35/8670, 36/10.238, Female Factory Committee to Colonial Secretary, 23 October 1835; Pieter Campbell to Bourke, 30 November and 6 December 1836, Thomas Bell to Pieter Campbell, 5 and 10 December 1836. 'Notice', The Sydney Herald, 6 June 1833, p.1. col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12846958 http://www.convictrecords.com.au Mary Mumford arrived Harmony 27 September 1827 assigned Rev Wilton, Parramatta.'The 'Parramatta Female Factory and Midwives - a brief Introduction', https://historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/blog/2020/05/04/the-parramatta-female-factory-and-midwives-a-brief-introduction accessed 10 August 2021.

  59. Protestant Female Orphan School on the Parramatta River opened in 1818 and Boys Orphan School was located in Sydney and then Liverpool from 1824. Catholic Orphan School established at Waverley in 1837 and then moved next to Female Factory in 1841.NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2359.1] 37/8490 and 37/6083, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 1 July and 9 September 1837, Thomas Bell to Richard Sadleir, 25 August 1837.

  60. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2] 36/7400, 36/9309, Thomas Bell to the Colonial Secretary, 14 September and 12 November 1836.

  61. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2], 36/8709, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 26 October 1836. Elizabeth docked on 12 October 1836.

  62. 'Police Tuesday October, 27th', The Sydney Monitor, 28 October 1836, p.3. col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32152597 'Convict Records: Maria Gibson', http://www.convictrecords.com.au/convicts/gibson/maria/36581. accessed 10 August 2021.

  63. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2317.2], 37/750, Pieter Campbell to Colonial Secretary, 31 December 1836.

  64. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, 10 September 1836, p. 534, Enclosure 2. HRA, See. 1, Vol. 18, pp. 611-13, 10 December 1836, Lord Glenelg's despatch did not arrive in NSW until 8 May 1837.

  65. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 18, 4 May 1837, pp.747-48.

  66. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, 5 July 1837, pp. 6-7; 7 November 1837, p.157.

  67. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6173 Enclosed 38/13188, Colonial Secretary to Thomas Bell, 22 November 1837.

  68. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, 7 Nov 1837, p.156-58.

  69. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6173 Enclosed 38/13188, George Gray to Thomas Bell, 28 May 1838, Lord Glenelg to Gipps, 22 May 1838. Thomas sent memorial to Lord Glenelg who sought advice from Governor Gipps. The Bells reinstated in August 1838 and memorial dropped.

  70. 'The Female Factory', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 30 January 1838, p.2. col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2550108 Accessed 10 August 2021.

  71. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; Returns of the Colony (Blue Books), 1838, Fiche 1 4/270. 'The Emigrants, residents in the Government Domain', The Sydney Monitor, 26 February 1838, p.2, col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32159173 'The Emigrants', The Sydney Monitor, 12 March 1838, p.2, col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32159345 accessed 10 August 2021.

  72. 'Tuition', The Sydney Herald, 11 June 1838, p.3, col, 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12862308 accessed 10 August 2021.

  73. The Female Factory', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 August 1838, p.2. col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2548701, accessed 6 August 2021.

  74. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol. 19, 5 July 1837, pp. 6-7. Julia Leach's late husband had, been instructor of convicts on Norfolk Island and when died she erected handsome tomb.

  75. 'Arrivals', The Colonist, 24 January 1838, p.2. col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31720343, accessed 6 August 2021.

  76. CO Series 201. NSW, Original Correspondence, 1783-1900. Miscellaneous Individuals, A-F, 1838, File 281, AJCP Reel No: 315-316, 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838, pp. 4-5, 9.

  77. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401] 38/1796, Mrs Leach to Colonial Secretary, February 19, 1838.

  78. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401] 38/1796, Pieter Campbell to Colonial Secretary, 19 February 1838. 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838: Correspondence between Secretary of State for Colonial Department and the Governors of the Australian Provinces', p.8.

  79. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol .19, Governor Gipps to Lord Glenelg, 13 March 1838, pp. 319-21.

  80. 'Domestic Intelligence', The Sydney Herald, 19 April 1838, p. 2, col. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12858160 accessed 10 August 2021.

  81. 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838: Correspondence between Secretary of State for Colonial Department and the Governors of the Australian Provinces', p. 7.

  82. 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838: Correspondence between Secretary of State for Colonial Department and the Governors of the Australian Provincesy Punishment', p.7. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401] 38/4586, 38/5051, Pieter Campbell to Colonial Secretary, 9 May 1838, John Clapham to Governor Gipps, 12 May 1838.

  83. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401.1] 38/4586, 38/ 5051, 38/4860, Pieter Campbell to Colonial Secretary, 9 May 1838, John Clapham to Governor Gipps, 12 May 1838, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 15 May 1838.

  84. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401.1] 38/5291, Pieter Campbell to Colonial Secretary, 26 May, 1838. Mary Mumford resigned on 21 August 1838 and Elizabeth Scott replaced her.

  85. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6173 Enclosing 38/13188, Memo No.2 Memorial by Thomas Bell, 28 May 1838.

  86. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, 7 July 1838, pp. 471. Mr and Mrs Ralph Mood', https://first.mhnsw.au/firsthht/fullRecordPicture.jsp?recno=42056 Julia Leach married Ralph Mood at Parramatta in January 1839. She lived to 92, dying at her home in Church Street, Parramatta in August 1886. accessed 10 August 2021.

  87. 'Immigration', The Colonist, 22 August 1838, p.3. col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page4246103, accessed 6 August 2021.

  88. 'The Female Factory', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 August 1838, p.2. col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2548701, accessed 10 August 2021.

  89. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol. 19, 19 September 1838, p.589. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2451.3] 39/5938, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 22 May 1839. Note by Governor Gipps, 31 May 1839. Subordinate appointments included turnkeys, midwife, laundresses, overseer of needle room.

  90. P Yeend, King's School Register, 1831-1990, Parramatta, Kings School, 1990, p. 38. The King's School opened at Parramatta in February 1832. Joshua and John may not have attended during 1843, or withdrawn before end of year, as not in 1843 register. L Waddy, The King's School, 1831-1981: An account, Parramatta, The Council of The King's School, 1981, pp. 23, 46.

  91. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 19, 1 October 1840, p. 6.

  92. Sisters of Charity of Australia Congregational Archives, SER/752/1, The Annals of the Irish Sisters of Charity in Australia 1838-1882, Irish Sisters of Charity, p, 71. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta, on Saturday, 19th January, 1839', New South Wales Government Gazette, 23 January 1839, p. 113, col. 1.. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230382641, accessed 610 August 2021. There were 728 women and 176 children in the Female Factory.

  93. The Annals of the Irish Sisters of Charity in Australia 1838-1882, Bishop Polding to cousin, p.44.

  94. NSWSA, Colonial Secretary, NRS906, Returns of the Department of Female Factory Parra­matta, 1836-1843. 4/7327, Reel 702. A school master, or mistress was included in changes made by Governor Bourke in 1836. Agnes Clapham was school mistress from 10 February to 30 April 1838 and position not included for 1839. SRNSW, NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/10034, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 8 October 1840. Sarah Bell sought gratuity for Jane Edge, school mistress, at 8d per diem which was granted and she was there until September 1843.

  95. 'Parramatta Female Factory 1838: Correspondence between Secretary of State for Colonial Department and the Governors of the Australian Provinces', ML Ref. A1813, pp. 5, 7.

  96. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401.1] 38/5281, Julia Leach to Colonial Secretary, 26 May 1838.

  97. 'Philanthropos letter to the Sydney Herald' by Dr Ullathorne in W Burton, The State of Religion and Education in New South Wales, London, J Cross, 1840, Appendix, no. 16. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52772993/view?partId=nla.obj-88426530, accessed 10 August 2021.

  98. Sisters of Charity of Australia Congregational Archives, SER/752/1, The Annals of the Irish Sisters of Charity in Australia 1838-1882, p. 74.

  99. NSWSA, NRS 905, [4/2451.3] 39/1152, 39/1562, 39/3968 Enclosing 39/2989, List of male and female children to be sent to Male and Female Orphan Schools, S Bell, Matron, 28 January and 2 February 1839; Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 6 February 1839; William Ullathorne to Colonial Secretary, 8 March 1839. Pieter Campbell left position of Visiting Magistrate on 1 March 1839 to become Acting Colonial Treasurer, 8 May 1841 returned to Britain so position became permanent.

  100. HRA Ser. 1 Vol. 19, 19 September 1837, p.92. 14 October 1837, p.118.

  101. T Callaghan, The Acts and Ordinances of The Governor & Council of New South Wales and Acts of Parliament Enacted for, and applied to, the Colony, Vol. 1. Victoria 3, No. 22, pp 532-36. Sydney, 1844. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta,' New South Wales Government Gazette, 18 September 1839, p. 1,038, col.2.; 2 October 1839, p. 1,100, col. 2; 11 December 1839, p. 1,419, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230384556 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230384632 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230385310, accessed 10 August 2021.

  102. HRA. Ser. 1, Vol. 20, 10 February 1840, p. 499. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 905, 4/2492.1, 40/5207, William Gray to Colonial Secretary, 15 May 1840 and Memo from Governor Gipps, 8 July 1840.

  103. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 21, 1 October 1840, pp 1-6. William Crawford and Whitworth Russell were appointed prison inspectors in 1835 and had great influence over English prisons.

  104. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 20, 31 August 1840, p 783-4, Sub-enclosure Inspectors of Prisons to Mr S M Phillips, pp. 384-85. _An Act to abolish the transportation of Female Convicts and to provide for the more effectual punishment of female offenders, within the Colony of New South Wales, 19 November 1839, Australian Legal Information Institute (AUSTLII). _http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/foa1841n3167.pdf accessed 10 August 2021.

  105. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 21, 10 October 1841, p. 539.

  106. S. McCulloch, 'Gipps, Sir George (1791--1847)', ADB, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,1966. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gipps-sir-george-2098, accessed 10 August 2021.

  107. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 21, 1 October 1840, pp. 2-4. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta, on Saturday 25the August 1838', New South Wales Government Gazette, 29 August 1838, p. 684, col. 1; 18 March 1840, p. 261, col.1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230387107 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230136979, Female Factory earned £133 making articles for orphan schools and £700 from needlework done for private individuals from 1 March 1839 to 31 July 1840.

  108. 'The Female Factory', The Colonist , 26 December 1838, p.2, col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31722266 accessed 10 August 2021.

  109. 'State of the' Female Factory, Parramatta', New South Wales Government Gazette, 21 August and 18 September 1839, p. 938 and p.1038. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230384330 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230384556, accessed 10 August 2021. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 21, 1 October 1840, pp. 5-6.

  110. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/5541, [4/2574.1], 42/167, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 30 May 1840. Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 17 January 1842. Sarah Bell's letter sent an account of ten shillings to for trousers which had been lost. Governor Gipps ordered that they be '...charged against the money earned by the women in the room out of which it was stolen.'

  111. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 21, 1 October 1840, pp. 5-6.

  112. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol. 21, 1 October 1840, p. 3. Convict Ships to Australia in jenwilletts.com accessed 8 April 2020.

  113. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta, on Saturday, 25 August, 1838', New South Wales Government Gazette, 29 August 1838, p. 684, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230387107, accessed 10 August 2021. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2451.3] 39/6389 Enclosing 39/5639, 39/6874, 39/6298, 39/6041, Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 10 June 1839; Thomas Tubman to Colonial Secretary, 28 May 1839; Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 27 May 1839. Some of the women were returned to their husbands. Harrison, J, Shackled: Female Convicts at Moreton Bay 1826-1839, Melbourne, Anchor Books, 2016, pp.37-38, 184. 19 women were released into the community after careful checking of records.

  114. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401] 38/9545, 38/9756, 38/10.235, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 11 and 17 September 1838. Visiting Magistrate to Colonial Secretary, 27 September 1838.

  115. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2451.3] 39/3666, 39/3666 Enclosed 39/2680, 39/6874, Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 29 March, 1839, William Snell to Governor Gipps, 5 March 1839,

  116. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/5410, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 27 May 1840 and attached statement from Kinnear Robertson, Colonial Surgeon. Kesiah Plough: 'Progress of the Colony - First Six Months of 1840', The South Australian Register, 18 July 1840, p.5, col. 1-3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article27441650, accessed 10 August 2021.

  117. New South Wales Government Gazette, 28 August 1839, No. 444, p. 964, col. 1.; 9 October 1839, No 456, p. 1142, col. 2; 27 May 1840, No 30, p.519, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page12581662 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page12581833 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page14286580, accessed 10 August 2021.

  118. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2401.1] 38/1312, Sarah Bell to Pieter Campbell, 7 December 1838. St John's Parramatta, Marriages 1790-1966, 17 November 1838. ancestry.com.au. NSW. St John's Parramatta, Marriages, 1790-1966. Accessed 15 July 2017. J.C. Byrne, Twelve Years' Wanderings in the British Colonies, from 1835 to 1847, London, Bentley, 1848, pp. 230-31.

  119. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2451.3] 39/6874, Sarah Bell to Governor, 17 June 1839. 'Supreme Court', Commercial Journal and Advertiser, 5 May 1838, p.2, col. 4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article226459311, accessed 10 August 2021.

  120. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/217 7, Mary Horn to Mrs Cockrane [Corcoran], 26 February 1840, Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 27 February 1840.

  121. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/4876, John Clarke to Thomas Bell, 13 May 1840, Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 15 May 1840.

  122. NSWSA, Colonial Secretary, Returns of the Department of Female Factory Parramatta, 1836-1843. 4/7327, Reel 702. Five turnkeys from 1838 to 1839 and then only one female turnkey listed. Mary Corcoran appointed sub matron in 1840 with messengers, overseers of laundry, needle room and washing. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/ 2359.1] 38/9840, [4/2451.3] 39/5322, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 12 September 1838 with note by Pieter Campbell. Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 6 May 1839. An additional clerk not appointed as Thomas Linehan clerk at Factory, August 1837 to May 1839, and John Johnson, June 1839 to October 1842.

  123. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 905, 1826-1982, 4/2451.3, [39/1835], Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 7 February 1839.

  124. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol. 21, 1 October 1840, p. 6. New South Wales Government Gazette, 8 January 1841, p.33, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230105635 accessed 30 April 2018.

  125. 'Aiding a Good Intention', Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 1 October 1842, p. 2.col. 4. 'He therefore directed that she should be accommodated ... at Mrs. Bell's academy for young ladies at Parramatta, commonly called the Female Factory.' http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2557465 . 'State of the Female Factory, at Parra­matta, on 1st July, 1842, New South Wales Government Gazette, 5 July 1842, p.975, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230361099 accessed 10 August 2021. HRA, Ser. 1 Vol 22, 20 May 1843, pp. 736, 740, 743.

  126. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 21, 1 October 1840, p. 5. In 1842, the Insolvency Act enacted with many in dire financial straits. Hughes and Hosking had best Government contracts in Sydney became insolvent in September 1843, disrupting government contracts and bringing down creditors such as Bank of Australasia.

  127. 'Female Factory', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 26 January 1841, p.4, col.3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2552355 accessed 10 August 2021. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2530.2] 41/2265, [4/2610.1], [No number], Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 18 February 1841, Note by Governor Gipps, 20 February 1841. Washing by E Deas Thomson, 19 January 1841. HRA, S.1, Vol 23, 20 May 1843, p.741.

  128. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2492.1] 40/6886 and enclosed 40/4714, 40/5342, 40/7470, Thomas Bell to Charles Forbes, 13 April 1840, 30 May 1840 and 20 June 1840, Charles Forbes to Deputy Commissioner, General Charles Forbes to Colonial Secretary, 11 July 1840, Miller to Colonial Secretary 31 July 1840.

  129. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 May 1843, pp. 741-2, 747. Includes Despatches 76 and 77 to Lord Stanley. Detail of income Appendix 4. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 November 1846, pp. 263-64.

  130. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4,2574.1] 42/2322 Enclosing 42/1308 Note by Governor Gipps, 13 February 1842.

  131. Golder, H, Politics and Patronage and Public Works, p. 84.

  132. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2530.2] 40/7879, 41/557 Enclosing 40/12,104, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 10 August 1840, Colonial Secretary to Crown Solicitor, 7 January 1839, Sydney Cotton to Colonial Secretary, 13 January 1841.

  133. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2574.1] 42/35 and 42/4529, 42/4529, 42/301 and 42/35, Enclosed 42/4471, 42/4529, 42/837, 42/35, Enclosed 42/4471, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 3 February 1842 and 22 June 1842; James Patchett to Governor Gipps, 17 January 1842 and 1 June 1842; William August Miles to Colonial Secretary, 29 January 1842; William Macpherson's reference, undated.

  134. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 905, Main series of letters received 1826-1982, 4/2530.2, [41/5874, Enclosed 41/5681], Sydney Cotton to Colonial Secretary, 20 June 1841; Sarah Bell to John Forrester, 9 June 1841, John Forrester to Governor Gipps, 11 June 1841

  135. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2530.2] 41/7003, 41/7726, Sydney Cotton to Private Secretary, 26 July 1841. Sydney Cotton to Private Secretary, 22 August 1841. 'Runaways from the Factory', The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 18 December 1841, p.3, col.2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page695482 accessed 10 August 2021.

  136. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/7044, 43/4608 Gilbert Eliott to Colonial Secretary, 28 September 1843, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 19 June 1843, Patrick Hill's and Fergus Hathorn's Colonial Surgeons' Certificates.

  137. 'State of the Female Factory, at Parramatta, on 1st October, 1842', New South Wales Government Gazette, 4 October 1842, p.1470, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page12500878 accessed 10 August 2021. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 May 1843, pp.736-7. Millbank Prison in Millbank, Westminster, London was a holding facility for convicted prisoners before transported.

  138. Sisters of Charity of Australia Congregational Archives, SER/752/1, The Annals of the Irish Sisters of Charity in Australia 1838-1882, p. 74.

  139. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 May 1843, pp.737-738. Board made up of Deputy Commissary General (William Miller), Principal Superintendent of Convicts (Captain John McLean)) and a medical officer (Patrick Harnett). Report of Board at Appendix 2 of Despatch is missing.

  140. HRA, Ser. 1, 12 April 1844, p. 535-36, Enclosure Mr C E Trevelyan to Under Secretary of State James Stephen, 26 March 1844.

  141. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4, 2574.1] 42/3752 Enclosed 42/3419 with No Number, Pat Hill to Philip Turner, Commissariat Office, Parramatta, 26 April 1842. Philip Turner to William Miller, 4 May 1842. William Miller to Colonial Secretary, 6 May and 11 May 1842, Philip Turner to William Miller, 13 May 1842, Pat Hill Memorandum, 20 May 1842, Governor Gipps memos, 2 and 6 May 1842. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 22, 20 May 1843, pp, 737-38.

  142. HRA, Ser.1, Vol 23, 12 April, 1844, pp. 537-38. Includes Sub-enclosure No.1, Dep. Commissary-General Miller to Colonial Secretary, 20 October 1843.

  143. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4, 2574.1] No number, [4/2610.1] No number, Advertisement for NSW Government Gazette 12 November 1842 by Governor Gipps, 10 November, 1842; Edward Deas Thomson to Colonial Secretary's Office, Female Servants, 28 February 1843. 'State of the Female Factory on the 1st of February, 1843', New South Wales Government Gazette, 3 February 1843, p. 195. 811 women and 191 children on 3 February 1843. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230102930 accessed 10 August 2021. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 May 1843, p. 738.

  144. NSWSA: NRS 905 [4/2610.1], 43/1448, 43/1336, 43/1347, Eliott to Governor, 18 and 19 February, 1843.

  145. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 22, 20 May 1843, p. 739.

  146. 'Country News, Parramatta Factory', The Australian, 22 February 1843, p.2, col. 7. .http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37115987 accessed 10 August 2021.

  147. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/1488, 43/1488, Enclosed 43/1347, Royal Engineer Office to Colonial Secretary, 23 February 1843. Memorandum from Governor Gipps, 20 February 1843.

  148. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/2610, Gilbert Eliott to Colonial Secretary, 5 April 1843.

  149. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, Mary Corcoran's police record, 22 June 1838.

  150. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2359] 37/8144, [4/2451.3] 39/67, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 23 August 1837, Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 2 January 1839. Sarah requested Mary Corcoran be paid £50.

  151. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2574. 1] 42/3752 Enclosed 42/3868. Sarah Bell to Colonial Secretary, 20 May 1842. Anne Edgely or Edgeley.

  152. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476 Enclosed 43/6003, Sarah Bell to Gilbert Eliott, 9 August 1843.

  153. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, Note from Governor Gipps to Colonial Secretary, 17 August 1843. HRA, S1, Vol 23, 12 April, 1844, pp. 537-38. Charges of Embezzlement by Mrs Corcoran, Sub-enclosure No.2, 21 October 1843. Mr Allan, possibly Rev. James Allan, minister of Presbyterian Church arrived in NSW on 5 October 1837 and took over congregation at Parramatta.Mr Allan later joined the Anglican Church.

  154. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, Report of Board on charges against Sub Matron of Female Factory, 5 September 1843, Minutes of the Evidence for Report of Board of Enquiry.

  155. 'Convict Records, Isabella' https://convictrecords.com.au/ships There is an Elizabeth Taylor on the Isabella (1840). Accessed 10 August 2021.

  156. Lord Stanley to Governor Gipps, HRA, S1, Vol 23, 12 April, 1844, pp. 537-38. Charges of Embezzlement by Mrs Corcoran, Sub-enclosure No.2, 21 October 1843.

  157. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, Report of Board on charges against Sub Matron of Female Factory, 5 September 1843, Minutes of the Evidence for Report of Board of Enquiry.

  158. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 23, 1 October 1843, p. 171. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, No Number, Colonial Secretary Report of Board of Enquiry, Memo from Governor Gipps, 29 September 1843.

  159. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta, on the 1st of September, 1843', New South Wales Government Gazette, 5 September 1843, p. 1149. col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230126703 accessed 10 August 2021.

  160. HRA, Ser. 1, 12 April 1844, p. 533-36, Enclosure Mr C E Trevelyan to Under Secretary of State, James Stephen, 26 March 1844.

  161. Dr Anderson was resident surgeon at Parramatta from 1829-1841 and a magistrate. John Blaxland was brother of Gregory Blaxland who, with Wentworth and Lawson, were first white people to cross Blue Mountains. Captain Robert Gerald Moffat waa a magistrate at Parramatta from 1834 to 1843 and then took up land on the Darling Downs.

  162. Callaghan's Diary: the 1840s Sydney diary of Thomas Callaghan. 2005, p. 185. 'Notice in the Supreme Court of New South Wales', New South Wales Government Gazette, 20 March 1833, p, 101, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230389901 George Nichols was on the Parramatta District Council and in 1848 was elected to the Legislative Council.

  163. Details of hearing are taken from two articles in The Australian. Questions asked by the prosecution and defence during the examination and cross-examination, as well as those asked by the bench, are not always clear which could lead to a misinterpretation of some of responses. 'Country News Parramatta', The Australian, 10 October, p. 4, col. 1. and 17 October, 1843, p. 3, cols 4-7 and p. 4, cols, 1-4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37113393 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page4255586 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37118305 accessed 10 August 2021.

  164. A. Cowie, A J, 'A History of Women's Real Property Rights', 2009, _Australian Journal of Gender and Law, Article 6, _http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUJlGendLaw/2009/6.html accessed 10 August 2021.

  165. 'State of the Female Factory, Parramatta, on Tuesday, 14th September, 1841 and 21st September, 1841' New South Wales Government Gazette, 17 September 1841, p. 1259, col. 2., 24 September 1841, p. 1299, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230395255 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230395367 accessed 10 August 2021.

  166. https://convictrecords.com.au/convicts/edge/jane/46366

  167. Lucy Martin does not appear in convict records or the Female Factory Convict List by Beth Matthews and Anne Mathews. https://parramattafemalefactories.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/female-factory-womens-list-bmam1901.pdf accessed 10 August 2021.

  168. 'In the Insolvent Estate of Robert Miller, and John Hamilton, of Parramatta' New South Wales Government Gazette, 23 February 1844, p. 339, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article230146505 . Robert Miller and Co became insolvent in February 1844. John Hughes and John Hosking opened steam flour mill in 1833 in Darling Harbour on Sussex Street which was underinsured and when destroyed by fire in March 1841, Hughes and Hosking borrowed extensively from Bank of Australia to recoup losses but failed and bankrupt in 1843, victim of the economic depression of the early 1840s and led to collapse of Bank of Australia, to which they owed more than £155,000. Hughes continued trading after 1846 with a new Albion Steam Mill on his estate in Surry Hills. https://dictionaryofsydney.org/structure/albion_mills_darling_harbour accessed 10 August 2021.

  169. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2610.1] 43/6476, Mary Corcoran's police record, 22 June 1838. M O'Sullivan and M. Doyle, 'A Convict Remembered: Mary Corcoran', In Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society, Vol, 20, 1 January 1999, pp. 31-40. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/IELAPA.200004088 . 'Pioneer Sites' https://pioneersites.wordpress.com/journey-with-us-to-the-pioneer-sites/ accessed 10 August 2021.

  170. 'Family Notices', The Weekly Register of Politics, Facts and General Literature, 4 November 1843, p. 230. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page22336029 accessed 10 August 2021.

  171. 'The New Court House', Australasian Chronicle, 8 February 1842, p.2, col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31734967 accessed 10 August 2021.

  172. 'The Great Trial', The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 April 1845, p. 2, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12878679 accessed 6 January 2021.

  173. NSWSA: Supreme Court of NSW; NRS 880, Papers and Depositions, Supreme Court Sydney and on Circuit, 1824-1946. [9/6336] Supreme Court Information, Jury list reduced. 'Law Intelligence, Supreme Court', The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 January 1844, p.2, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28651045 accessed 10 August 2021. NSWSA: NRS 905, [4/2649.2] 44/7187, John Plunkett to the Colonial Secretary, 13 February 1844. Similar arrange­ments were entered for Dennis Hannan and John Hamilton.

  174. 'Functions of the Attorney General', The Examiner 6 September 1845, p. 34, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article228062753 'Law Intelligence Central Criminal Court', The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 July 1844, p. 4, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12409455 . 'Parramatta Factory Cases', The Australian, 8 July 1844, p. 3. col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37122521 accessed 10 August 2021.

  175. Arthur Hodgson wrote in The Queenslander, 1 April 1899, p. 609, col., 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20858171 that Thomas Bell was still living at Parramatta in 1845. NSWSA, Colonial Secretary, NRS 905, Main series of letters received 1826-1982, 45/1010, Sarah Bell to Henry Parker, 7 February 1845.

  176. 'Law Intelligence Central Criminal Court', The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 July 1845, p. 2. col. 4-5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12880949 accessed 10 August 2021.

  177. 'Functions of the Attorney General', The Examiner, 6 September 1845, p. 3, col. 2, 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article228062753 accessed 10 August 2021.

  178. 'Law Intelligence. Central Criminal Court.' The Australian, 7 October 1845, p. 3, col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37155936 accessed 10 August 2021.

  179. 'Windsor', The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1844, p.5, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28651272 accessed 10 August 2021.

  180. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 906, Special bundles. [4/6670.4] Brief in Regina v Bell and Hamilton (fraud at the Female Factory) and Hannan and Hamilton (fraud at Parramatta Convict Hospital), 1842-45. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol. 24, 28 February 1846, Enclosure Attorney General Plunkett to Colonial Secretary Thomson, 20 January 1846, p. 792.

  181. NSWSA: Supreme Court of NSW, NRS 880, Papers and Depositions, Supreme Court Sydney and on Circuit, 1824-1946. [9/6336]; Supreme Court Information, Regina v Bell and Hamilton (fraud at the Female Factory) and Hannan and Hamilton (fraud at Parramatta Convict Hospital), 1842-4, Deposition of Andrew Kell, 13 October 1845, Statement of Robert Miller, nd., E. Courtney, 20 May 1845.

  182. 'Law Intelligence Central Criminal Court.' The Australian, 9 October 1845, p. 3, col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37159363 accessed 10 August 2021.

  183. 'Supreme Court Scene', The Australian 11 October 1845 page 3, col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article37156786 accessed 10 August 2021.

  184. 'The Unfathomable Factory Case', The Cumberland Times and Western Advertiser, 18 October 1845, p.2, col. 3.http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article228065934 accessed 10 August 2021.

  185. 'Law Proceedings', The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1845, p. 2, col 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12882772 accessed 10 August 2021. 'L-A-W, Law', The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 October 1845, p. 3, col 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12882835 accessed 10 August 2021.

  186. NSWSA: Supreme Court of NSW, NRS 880, Papers and Depositions, Supreme Court Sydney and on Circuit, 1824-1946. [9/6336]; Supreme Court Information, Regina v Bell and Hamilton (fraud at the Female Factory) and Hannan and Hamilton (fraud at Parramatta Convict Hospital), 1842-4, John Johnstone to Attorney General, 6 November 1845. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 905, [4/2708.2] Supreme Court. 45/7642 Attorney General to Colonial Secretary, 21 October 1845.

  187. NSWSA: Colonial Secretary; NRS 905, [4/2708.2] Supreme Court. 45/4248, 45/7642, 45/8892. G. P. F. Gregory (Prothonotary and Registrar of the Supreme Court of NSW) to Governor Gipps, 9 June 1845. Mr Cox to Judges, 15 October 1845. Justices Stephens and Dickinson to Colonial Secretary, 10 December 1845; Colonial Secretary to Justices, 11 December 1845.

  188. Supreme Court of NSW; NRS 880, Papers and Depositions, Supreme Court Sydney on Circuit, 1824-1946. [9/6336] Gordon Gwynne to Supreme Court, NSW, 9 December 1845. 'The Parramatta Factory Case', The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 20 December 1845, p.4, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article677255 'Legislative Council', The Sydney Morning Herald, 17 October 1846, p2. cols, 4, 5, and 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12892934 accessed 10 August 2021.

  189. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 24, p.792-94 Including Enclosure Attorney-General to Colonial Secretary Thomson, 20 January, 1846.

  190. 'The Parramatta Factory Case', Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer, 14 February 1846, p.2, col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59765735 accessed 10 August 2021.

  191. HRA, Ser. 1, Vol 25, 5 June 1846, p. 84.

  192. 'Died', The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 December 1845, p.3, col. 1 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12884383 'To be Let or Sold', The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 January 1846, p.4, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12884508_ The Queenslander_, 7 January 1898, p.48, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20854982 accessed 10 August 2021. Joshua may have been working in a Mr Seaton's solicitor's office in Sydney. John and Marmaduke not in The Kings School Register for this period.

  193. Note on telegram from John Alexander Bell to his wife Frances Bell, 23 October 1893. UQFL79, Box 4, Folder 8, Fryer Library, The University of Queensland Library.

  194. The Darling Downs District stretched from the Great Dividing Range in the east to the Clarence River in the south with its northern and western boundaries not clearly defined. Commissioner had control over more than 26,000 square miles (7 million hectares) and his duties included issuing pasturing and business licences, maintaining law and order (with only a small unit of Border Police) and sending statistical reports to the Colonial Secretary.

  195. 'Jimbour History', The Queenslander, 7 January 1899, p.48, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20854982 Charles Dun, William Dun's son, and five men drove 11,000 sheep and 700 cattle from the Namoi River (south of Tamworth) arriving at Jimbour in October 1842. 'Jimbour History', The Queenslander, 1 April 1899, p. 609. col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article20858171. Purchase by Thomas Bell is unclear but probably in 1844 or 1845. accessed 10 August 2021. NSWSA. Depasturing Licences Index 1837-1852, NRS 14363, Item No: [4/102] [4/106], Copy 5078 and 5081, Locality: Darling Downs, Thomas Bell Licence 677 and 833.

  196. R Kerkhove, Tribal Alliances with broader agendas? Aboriginal Resistance in southern Queensland's Black War, In Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, Vol.6, No.3, 2014. https://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/mcs/article/view/4218/4491 accessed 10 August 2021.

  197. Jimba and Gimba may have been local Aboriginal words for 'good pastures'. Leichhardt, Ludwig, Journal of an overland expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, a distance of upwards of 3000 miles, during the years 1844–1845, University of Sydney Library, 2002. First published 1846.

  198. HRA, Ser. 1, vol 22, 20 May 1843, pp. 742, 747. HRA, Ser. 1, vol 25, 30 June 1846, p, 125.

  199. HRA, Ser. 1, vol. 25, 20 November 1846, p.263

  200. 'Dr Leichhardt', The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser, 2 January 1847, p.2, col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article686841 accessed 10 August 2021. Jimba was now named Jimbour.

  201. Mann, John, Eight Months with Dr. Leichhardt in the Years 1846-47, Sydney, Turner and Henderson, 1886, p. 16.

  202. HRA, Ser. 1, vol. 25, Sir Charles Fitz Roy to Earl Grey, Despatch 82, 8 April 1847, p.479-80. AJCP, Colonial Office (CO201) Enclousure to Govenor's Dispatch, No28, 8 April, 1847. File 381, AJCP Reel 382-383, pp 95-132. Deputy Commissary General, Thomas Ramsay to Colonial Secretary, 8 and 19 February 1847, Thomas Bell to Thomas Ramsay, 22 January and 18 February, 1847, Declaration of Mr and Mrs Smyth, 27 January 1847, Gilbert Eliott, Visiting Justice to Colonial Secretary, 13 February and 22 March 1847, Pat Hill, Colonial Surgeon to Gilbert Eliott, 13 February 1847, Colonial Secretary to Thomas Ramsay, 23 February 1847.

  203. Total Destruction of the Sovereign steam-packet, and Melancholy Loss of Life', The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 March 1847, p.1, cols 1-4. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12893901, 'Shipping Intelligence. Arrival.' The Moreton Bay Courier, 27 March 1847, p.2, col.1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3711605. 'Shipping Intelligence. Arrival', The Moreton Bay Courier, 24 April 1847, p.2, col.1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3716275. accessed 10 August 2021.

  204. St. Augustine's College', The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 November 1850, p. 2, col. 5. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12922420 Accessed 10 August 2021. Among successful students for honours at St. Augustine's College, Canterbury.

  205. NSWSA: NRS 905, 49/6988, Thomas Bell to Colonial Secretary, 23 July 1849

  206. 'Died', The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 June 1853, p. 2, col. 6. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12946646 Access 13 January 2021. Sarah Bell's portrait may be a miniature in oil, watercolour or mezzotint, which professional photographer J. Botterill produced in 1860s in addition to photographs. Botterill was based at the Melbourne address in the late 1870s, putting an even later date on this image. Someone may have given Mr. Botterill a drawing of Sarah, which became the basis of this (possibly watercolour) image.

  207. Shipping Intelligence. Arrivals', The Moreton Bay Courier, 23 October 1847, p.2, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3711581. accessed 10 August 2021. Captain Moffatt and J. Bell travelled on the Tamar to Moreton Bay. Bell Family Bible held by Anita O'Connor in County Galway. Robert Gerald Moffatt, was a captain in the 17th Regiment of Foot posted to NSW from 1830 to 1836. He was a magistrate and commander of the military police in Port Stephens and sold his commission on 19 December 1834. His wife Sarah died in December 1839 and was buried in St John's Cemetery.

  208. 'Daguerreotype Camera', The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 August 1853, p.7, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12948457. 'Liberty Plains', The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 September, 1853, p.6, col.1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12949089 accessed 10 August 2021.

  209. 'Crown Land Sales', The North Australian, Ipswich and General Advertiser, 4 December p. 3, 1860. col. 1 1,http,http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77433879. accessed 10 August 2021.

  210. 'Departure', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 26 November 1872, p. 2, col. 3. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123620018 accessed 10 August 2021.

  211. 'Local and General News', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 7 September 1872, p. 3, col. 1. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123621176accessed 10 August 2021.

  212. 'Social and General', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, 3 October 1872, p. 3, col. 2. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article123621061 accessed 10 August 2021.

© Sue Bell 2024 | website + book design by hakea.co | about →